How Did Giants Survive the Flood?

Genesis 6:4 contains a curious phrase: the Nephilim were on the earth "and also afterward." If the Flood was a judgment on that corruption, how do giant clans reappear in the days of Abraham and Moses?

Three explanations dominate the discussion. The first proposes a second incursion after the Flood. The second suggests the bloodline passed through one of Noah’s sons’ wives. The third argues the later "giants" are ordinary tall peoples described in the language of legend.

Each reading has to reckon with the same biblical data: the Anakim, Rephaim, Emim, and Zamzummim who occupy the land east and west of the Jordan.